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<title>Unionization</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unionization</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the formation of trade unions. For the article about trade unions, see <a href="Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a>.</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Deionization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deionization">Deionization</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="order-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;">Part of <span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">a series</span> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="Portal%3AOrganized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organized labour</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li><li><a href="Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li><li><a href="Exploitation_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation of labor">Exploitation of labour</a></li><li><a href="Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of labor issues and events">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="New_unionism" title="New unionism">New unionism</a></li><li><a href="Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li><li><a href="Sectoral_collective_bargaining" title="Sectoral collective bargaining">Sectoral collective bargaining</a></li><li><a href="Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li><li><a href="Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li><li><a href="Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li><li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li><li><a href="Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li><li><a href="Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="National-syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National-syndicalism">National-syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity%2C_equity%2C_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li>

<li><a href="Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Employment_protection_legislation" title="Employment protection legislation">Employment protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-cost_country_sourcing" title="Low-cost country sourcing">Low-cost country sourcing</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurodiversity_and_labor_rights" title="Neurodiversity and labor rights">Neurodiversity and labour rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li>

<li><a href="Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade unions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_trade_unions" title="List of trade unions">Trade unions by country</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_federations_of_trade_unions" title="List of federations of trade unions">Trade union federations</a></li>

<li><a href="International_comparisons_of_trade_unions" title="International comparisons of trade unions">International comparisons</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_strikes" title="List of strikes">Chronological list of strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li>

<li><a href="General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li>

<li><a href="Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lockouts</a></li>

<li><a href="Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li>

<li><a href="Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity action</a></li>

<li><a href="Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkouts</a></li>

<li><a href="Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">Labour parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_Labour_Party_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (current)">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Labour_Party" title="Georgian Labour Party">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_Party_(New_Caledonia)" title="Labour Party (New Caledonia)">New Caledonia</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Labour_Party" title="Portuguese Labour Party">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Labor Party (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Sweden</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Industrial relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labour history</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li>

<li><a href="Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p><b>Unionization</b> is the creation and growth of modern <a href="Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a>. Trade unions were often seen as a <a href="Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a>, <a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> concept,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelz201684_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelz201684-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose popularity has increased during the 19th century when a rise in <a href="Industrial_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial capitalism">industrial capitalism</a> saw a decrease in motives for up-keeping <a href="Workers'_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' rights">workers' rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelz201683_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelz201683-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Workers usually create unions when they face a certain struggle within their industry. They tend to organize themselves by sector of employment and may join a <a href="General_union" title="General union">general union</a> to represent employees in all sectors. Different unions may vary in how much emphasis is placed on participation, union leadership, aims, and techniques, depending on the impact of their action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECluff2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECluff2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On average, <a href="Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar workers</a> tend to be more unionized than <a href="White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumPonak1974_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumPonak1974-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives_for_unionization">Motives for unionization</h2></div>

<p>Modern trade unions form due to many different reasons, mainly due to changes in a country's economy or decreasing demand for labour in a specific industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperPatmore20024_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperPatmore20024-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers usually form unions when they feel that the fact that they do not have a say in the workplace threatens their <a href="Job_security" title="Job security">job security</a>, which in turn affects their economical position.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bureaucratization">Bureaucratization</h3></div>

<p>Members are more likely to unionize when they collectively have problems with their workplace, however this leaves out <a href="Organizational_culture#Communication" title="Organizational culture">workers who do not have much of a high standing</a> in the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe1981872-4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe1981872-4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Different workers may have different goals, which may include either promotions or a higher pay. Unions attracted disadvantaged workers to enable <a href="Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> power between them with employers to negotiate better wages, benefits, and employment terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Labor2023_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Labor2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There have been some studies suggesting workers join unions due to <a href="Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">social pressures</a>, however there have also been studies that suggest the opposite. As such, the likelihood of social pressures effecting workers joining a union likely varies from environment to environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe1981875_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe1981875-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2></div>

<p>Company management usually disapprove of unions due to collective action by workers cutting into a company's profit shares.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJi2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJi2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, in the United States, it is illegal for an employer to interfere with workers' right to unionize,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamFriedmanThomas20081–11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamFriedmanThomas20081–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> workers may sometimes feel agitated about joining a union if disapproval is expected from employers, as there may be an underlying belief that an employee's social standing with an employer may be tarnished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowe1981876_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe1981876-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Employers who take part in actively combating the process of unionization or the efforts of the union are engaging in <a href="Union_busting" title="Union busting">union busting</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_organization">Forms of organization</h2></div>

<p>Union membership tend to be organized by either their industry, ultimate goal, or employer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1959351_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1959351-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Craft_unionism">Craft unionism</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">Craft unionism</a></div>

<p>In <i>craft unionism</i>, workers are organized by their job or profession. Unions that belong to this group tend to focus on improving the conditions of a particular industry,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFones-Wolf1982389_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFones-Wolf1982389-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example when the <a href="Writers_Guild_of_America" title="Writers Guild of America">Writers Guild of America</a> striked on behalf of its <a href="Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers">writers</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_unionism">Industrial unionism</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></div>

<p>In <i>industrial unionism</i>, workers are organized together regardless of their job or profession, where a higher membership count gives a union more influence across many different industries.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solidarity_unionism">Solidarity unionism</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Solidarity_unionism" title="Solidarity unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></div>

<p>In <i>solidarity unionism</i>, workers who wish to directly attempt to take action without any form of <a href="Mediation" title="Mediation">mediation</a> are organized together.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_unionization_models">Types of unionization models</h2></div>

<p>Different unionization models are used to guide a union's efforts to reach its goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperPatmore20027_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperPatmore20027-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Servicing_model">Servicing model</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Service_model" title="Service model">Service model</a></div>

<p>The <i>service model</i> is where union organizers use legal and other types of resources that are not affiliated with the employer or workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterCooper2002713_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterCooper2002713-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizing_model">Organizing model</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Organizing_model" title="Organizing model">Organizing model</a></div>

<p>The <i>organizing model</i> is a model developed in the United States that re thinks union organizers as being teachers and mentors that encourage and instruct union members in carrying out their own activism. This is in contrast to the Service Model of Organizing, where the union is charged with settling disputes and solving problems. The goal with the organizing model is to encourage union members to be more active and engaged in their union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterCooper2002713_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterCooper2002713-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_unionization">Effects of unionization</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_relation_to_gender">In relation to gender</h3></div>

<p>According to a study conducted in 1992, conventional unionization organization strategies were most applicable towards men working in the <a href="Manufacturing_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing sector">manufacturing sector</a>, forcing those who were not affiliated with such to initiate contact with a union. Women were more likely than men to desire a form of unionization, however they were recorded as least likely to join a union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrain1994228_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrain1994228-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_relation_to_productivity">In relation to productivity</h3></div>

<p>Early industrial relations researchers believed unionization might safeguard employment by fighting technological and mechanical advances. Recent researchers developed dynamic union-firm bargaining approaches. Monopoly unions can boost salaries and appropriate quasi-rents from employers' capital, but others predict that firms would decrease capital investment to prevent appropriation, lowering productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoal20171255_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoal20171255-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Unionization has been demonstrated to be associated with greater employee retention, even when unionized employees experience greater amounts of dissatisfaction in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamFriedmanThomas20081–11_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamFriedmanThomas20081–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is associated with the fact that employees experiencing dissatisfaction will be able to voice their concerns more effectively through the use of the union.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rate_of_unionization_by_country">Rate of unionization by country</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="International_comparisons_of_trade_unions" title="International comparisons of trade unions">International comparisons of trade unions</a></div>

<p>The rate of unionization in a country is measured through both the number of workers represented by a union as well as the share of workers represented by unions in a country. This is due to that although more workers may be joining unions, industries represented by unions are increasing at a faster rate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2023_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2023-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>

<p>The rate of members represented by unions in Canada has fallen significantly in the past four decades, dropping from 37.6% in 1981 to slightly less than 29% by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Canada2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Canada2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union movement in Canada has become increasingly concentrated in the public sector. Most workers in Canada have the right to unionize their workplace, but certain categories of workers are ineligible to unionize, such as independent contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrutusBaronian2020_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrutusBaronian2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a> was formed in 1947 after Indian independence in the same year, and is the oldest trade union federation in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unions are known to have political connections, and are sometimes used to project <a href="Political_influence_of_trade_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Political influence of trade associations">political influence</a> on both workers and political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy1969137_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy1969137-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Russia and the Soviet Union</h3></div>

<p>Soviet trade unions, administered by the <a href="All-Union_Central_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions">All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions</a>, date back to the <a href="Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1905, fifteen years before the establishment of the Soviet Union. Their relationships with industrial management, the <a href="Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>, and the <a href="Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Soviet government</a> were complex due to a requirement in labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewes1923618_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewes1923618-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Federation_of_Independent_Trade_Unions_of_Russia" title="Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia">Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FNPR)</a> is Russia's largest post-Soviet national trade union center, with 28-31.5 million members and is widely recognized as the successor to the Soviet era system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrazkova2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrazkova2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<p>The earliest recorded workers' strike through a newly-formed solidarity union was recorded in 1768 when <a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> <a href="Journeymen_Tailors_Union" title="Journeymen Tailors Union">journeymen tailors</a> protested against a wage reduction. Local craft unions formed and demanded shorter <a href="Workdays" class="mw-redirect" title="Workdays">workdays</a> and job-conscious orientation. Trade unionism emerged in the 19th century, primarily involving <a href="Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">skilled workers</a>.

</p><p>Although the annual rate of unionization in the United States is increasing, it has one of the lowest unionization rates in the <a href="Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed world</a>. The effects of unionization are not heavily researched, drastically reducing the known effects of unionization and therefore reducing the number of workers who know about unionization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyBakerFinnigan2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyBakerFinnigan2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECluff2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECluff2016_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCluff2016">Cluff 2016</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2020_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2020">Miles 2020</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumPonak1974-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumPonak1974_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlumPonak1974">Blum & Ponak 1974</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperPatmore20024-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperPatmore20024_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperPatmore2002">Cooper & Patmore 2002</a>, p. 4.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Labor2023-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Labor2023_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_Labor2023">Department of Labor 2023</a>.</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamFriedmanThomas20081–11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamFriedmanThomas20081–11_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamFriedmanThomas20081–11_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamFriedmanThomas2008">Abraham, Friedman & Thomas 2008</a>, pp. 1–11.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1959351-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1959351_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1959">Bernstein 1959</a>, p. 351.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFones-Wolf1982389-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFones-Wolf1982389_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFones-Wolf1982">Fones-Wolf 1982</a>, p. 389.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperPatmore20027-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperPatmore20027_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperPatmore2002">Cooper & Patmore 2002</a>, p. 7.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterCooper2002713-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterCooper2002713_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterCooper2002713_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarterCooper2002">Carter & Cooper 2002</a>, p. 713.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrain1994228-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrain1994228_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrain1994">Crain 1994</a>, p. 228.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2023-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2023_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2023">Zhang 2023</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Canada2022-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Canada2022_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022">Government of Canada 2022</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrutusBaronian2020-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrutusBaronian2020_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrutusBaronian2020">Brutus & Baronian 2020</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari2017_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsari2017">Ansari 2017</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy1969137-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy1969137_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamaswamy1969">Ramaswamy 1969</a>, p. 137.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewes1923618-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewes1923618_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewes1923">Hewes 1923</a>, p. 618.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObrazkova2015-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObrazkova2015_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObrazkova2015">Obrazkova 2015</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyBakerFinnigan2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyBakerFinnigan2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradyBakerFinnigan2013">Brady, Baker & Finnigan 2013</a>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamFriedmanThomas2008" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, Steven E.; Friedman, Barry A.; Thomas, Randall K. (2008). "The Relationship Among Union Membership, Facets of Satisfaction and Intent to Leave: Further Evidence on the Voice Face of Unions". <i>Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>11. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10672-007-9061-z">10.1007/s10672-007-9061-z</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-7545">0892-7545</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ji, Lei (2016). "Unionization, Market Structure, and Economic Growth". <i>Southern Economic Journal</i>. <b>82</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">935–</span>951. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsoej.12111">10.1002/soej.12111</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPelz2016" class="citation book cs1">Pelz, William A (2016). <i>The Rise of the Working Classes: Trade Unions and Socialism, 1871–1914</i>. Pluto Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCooperPatmore2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Rae; Patmore, Greg (2002). "Trade Union Organising and Labour History". <i>Labour History</i>. <b>83</b>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCrain1994" class="citation journal cs1">Crain, Marion (1994). "Gender and Union Organizing". <i>Industrial and Labor Relations Review</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>248. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979399404700205">10.1177/001979399404700205</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154435971">154435971</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCarterCooper2002" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Bob; Cooper, Rae (2002). "The Organizing Model and the Management of Change: A Comparative Study of Unions in Australia and Britain". <i>Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations</i>. <b>57</b> (4).</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFBoal2017" class="citation journal cs1">Boal, William M. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26944710">"The Effect of Unionization on Productivity: Evidence from a Long Panel of Coal Mines"</a></span>. <i>ILR Review</i>. <b>70</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1254–</span>1282. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0019793916682222">10.1177/0019793916682222</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7939">0019-7939</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26944710">26944710</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157590597">157590597</a>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFObrazkova2015" class="citation web cs1">Obrazkova, Marina (1 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/society/2015/05/01/how_trade_unions_fare_in_russia_42927">"How trade unions fare in Russia"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></li>

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</div>

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_worker_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon worker organization">Amazon worker organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_worker_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Google worker organization">Google worker organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Starbucks_unions" title="Starbucks unions">Starbucks unions</a></li>

<li><a href="Unionization_in_the_tech_sector" title="Unionization in the tech sector">Unionization in the tech sector</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organized_labor248" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organized_labor248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organized labor</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labor history</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a> (<a href="Public-sector_trade_union" title="Public-sector trade union">public sector</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Labour_council" title="Labour council">Labor council</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">Union organizer</a></li>

<li><a href="National_trade_union_center" class="mw-redirect" title="National trade union center">National trade union center</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_union_federation" title="Global union federation">Global union federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_representative" title="Union representative">Union representative</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_union" title="Local union">Local union</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_dues" title="Union dues">Union dues</a></li>

<li><a href="Vigilance_committee_(trade_union)" title="Vigilance committee (trade union)">Vigilance committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_label" title="Union label">Union label</a></li>

<li><a href="Trades_hall" title="Trades hall">Trades hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Duty_of_fair_representation" title="Duty of fair representation">Duty of fair representation</a></li>

<li><a href="Worker_center" title="Worker center">Worker center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Organizing_model" title="Organizing model">Organizing model</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_model" title="Service model">Service model</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_unionism" title="Community unionism">Community unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Members-only_unionism" title="Members-only unionism">Members-only unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_unionism" title="Open-source unionism">Open-source unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_unionism" title="Business unionism">Business unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">Dual unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Solidarity_unionism" title="Solidarity unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Company_union" title="Company union">Company union</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_union" title="Independent union">Independent union</a></li>

<li><a href="General_union" title="General union">General union</a></li>

<li><a href="Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">Craft unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_union" title="Police union">Police union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial<br>relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Shops and hiring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">Closed shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Agency_shop" title="Agency shop">Agency shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_shop" title="Union shop">Union shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">Hiring hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Scope_clause" title="Scope clause">Scope clause</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_co-op_model" title="Union co-op model">Union co-op model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bossnapping" title="Bossnapping">Bossnapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li>

<li><a href="Gherao" title="Gherao">Gherao</a></li>

<li><a href="Grievance_(labour)" title="Grievance (labour)">Grievance</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_revolt" title="Labour revolt">Labor revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">Occupation of factories</a></li>

<li><a href="Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li>

<li><a href="Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Picketing" title="Picketing">Picketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Salting_(union_organizing)" title="Salting (union organizing)">Salting</a></li>

<li><a href="Slowdown" title="Slowdown">Slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Strike_notice" title="Strike notice">Strike notice</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_dissent" title="Organizational dissent">Organizational dissent</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">Industrial action</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfair_list" title="Unfair list">Unfair list</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strike_actions18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li>

<li><a href="General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li>

<li><a href="Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li>

<li><a href="Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li>

<li><a href="Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Recognition_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition strike">Recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity actions</a></li>

<li><a href="Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkout</a></li>

<li><a href="Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bargaining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bargaining_unit" title="Bargaining unit">Bargaining unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Collaborative_bargaining" title="Collaborative bargaining">Collaborative bargaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sectoral_collective_bargaining" title="Sectoral collective bargaining">Sectoral</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_bargaining_agreement" title="Enterprise bargaining agreement">Enterprise bargaining agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Framework_Agreement" title="Global Framework Agreement">Global Framework Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_contract_(labor)" title="Master contract (labor)">Master contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_bargaining" title="Pattern bargaining">Pattern bargaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_security_agreement" title="Union security agreement">Union security agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Compensation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">Strike pay</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_wage_premium" title="Union wage premium">Union wage premium</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Labor_spying_in_the_United_States" title="Labor spying in the United States">Labor spies in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li>

<li><a href="Givebacks" title="Givebacks">Givebacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_local" title="Paper local">Paper local</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-union_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-union violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Union_violence" title="Union violence">Union violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Demarcation_dispute" title="Demarcation dispute">Demarcation dispute</a></li>

<li><a href="Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">Strikebreaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Goon_squad" title="Goon squad">Goon squads</a></li>

<li><a href="Featherbedding" title="Featherbedding">Featherbedding</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_raid" title="Union raid">Union raids</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li>

<li><a href="Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li>

<li><a href="Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity%2C_equity%2C_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="International_comparisons_of_labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="International comparisons of labor unions">International comparisons of labor unions</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour code">Labor code</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labor law</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Prison strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Protection" title="Protection">Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-30" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Unionization&oldid=1298035268">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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